Program Listings
Programmer’s Python: Everything is Data
We have decided not to make the programs available as a download because this is not the point of the book - the programs are not finished production code but something you should type in and study.
The best solution is to provide the source code of the programs in a form that can be copied and pasted into Thonny or VS Code project.
The only downside is that you have to create a project to paste the code into.
To do this follow the instructions in the book.
All of the programs below were copy and pasted from working programs in the IDE. They have been formatted using the built in formatter and hence are not identical in layout to the programs in the book. This is to make copy and pasting them easier. The programs in the book are formatted to be easy to read on the page.
If anything you consider important is missing or if you have any requests or comments contact:
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Page 34
f = 1
k = 1
while(True):
k=k+1
f=f*k
print(f,k)
Page 38
pi = 0
k = 1
while True:
pi += 4 * (-1)**(k+1) * 1 / (2*k-1)
k = k+1
print(k, pi)
import fractions
pi = 0
k = 1
while True:
pi += 4*(-1)**(k+1)*fractions.Fraction(1, 2*k-1)
k = k+1
print(k, pi, float(pi))
Page 49
import random
def myFunction(param1 = random.random()):
print(param1)
myFunction()
myFunction()
import random
def myFunction(param1 = None):
param1 = param1 or random.random()
print(param1)
myFunction()
myFunction()
Page 64
import datetime
import zoneinfo
dt1 = datetime.datetime(2022, 1, 14, 10, 50, tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("Europe/Madrid"))
dt2 = datetime.datetime(2022, 1, 14, 10, 50, tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("utc"))
print(dt1.timestamp())
print(dt2.timestamp())
import datetime
import zoneinfo
dt1 = datetime.datetime(2022, 1, 14, 10, 50,
tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("Europe/Madrid"))
dt2 = dt1.replace(tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("utc"))
print(dt1)
print(dt2)
Page 65
import datetime
import zoneinfo
dt1 = datetime.datetime(2022, 1, 14, 10, 50, tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("Europe/Madrid"))
dt2 = dt1.astimezone(tz=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("utc"))
print(dt1)
print(dt2)
Page 140
import random
class randItIterator():
def __next__(self):
return random.random()
def __iter__(self):
return self
class randIt(object):
def __iter__(self):
return randItIterator()
numbers=randIt()
for x in numbers:
print(x)
Page 142
import random
class randListIterator():
def __init__(self,rndList):
self._n = 0
self._data = rndList.data
def __next__(self):
if self._n >= len(self._data):
raise StopIteration
next = self._data[self._n]
self._n = self._n+1
return next
class randList(object):
def __init__(self):
self.data = []
for i in range(5):
self.data.append(random.random())
def __iter__(self):
return randListIterator(self)
numbers = randList()
for x in numbers:
print(x)
for x in numbers:
print(x)
Page 182
class Tree:
class Node:
def __init__(self, value):
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.value = value
class TreeIter():
def __init__(self, tree):
self.stack = []
self.currentNode = tree.root
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
node = self.currentNode
if node is None:
raise StopIteration
if node.right is not None:
self.stack.append(node.right)
if node.left is not None:
self.currentNode = node.left
elif len(self.stack) > 0:
self.currentNode = self.stack.pop()
else:
self.currentNode = None
return node
def __init__(self, value):
self.root = Tree.Node(value)
def __iter__(self):
return Tree.TreeIter(self)
def appendBinarySearch(self, value):
node = self.root
while True:
if node.value > value:
if node.left is None:
node.left = self.Node(value)
return
node = node.left
else:
if node.right is None:
node.right = self.Node(value)
return
node = node.right
def appendBreathFirst(self, value):
queue = [self.root]
while len(queue) > 0:
node = queue.pop(0)
if node.left is None:
node.left = Tree.Node(value)
return node.left
queue.append(node.left)
if node.right is None:
node.right = Tree.Node(value)
return node.right
queue.append(node.right)
tree = Tree(0)
for i in range(1, 15):
tree.appendBreathFirst(i)
for node in tree:
print(node.value)
tree = Tree(8)
for i in [3, 10, 1, 6, 14, 4, 7, 13]:
tree.appendBinarySearch(i)
for node in tree:
print(node.value)
Page 211
import random
msg=b"Hello World Of Secrets"
oneTime=random.randbytes(len(msg))
crypt= bytes([a^b for a, b in zip(msg,oneTime)])
print(crypt)
decrypt= bytes([a^b for a, b in zip(crypt,oneTime)])
print(decrypt)
Page 225
import pathlib
path = pathlib.Path("myBinFile.bin")
bytes = bytes([0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55])
f = open(path, mode="wb")
f.write(bytes)
f.close()
f = open(path, mode="rb")
bytes = f.read(4)
f.close()
print(bytes.hex(","))
Page 226
import pathlib
path = pathlib.Path("myBinFile.bin")
myValue1 = 1234
f = path.open(mode="wb")
f.write(myValue1.to_bytes(4, byteorder="big"))
f.close()
f = path.open(mode="rb")
b = f.read(4)
f.close()
myValue2 = int.from_bytes(b, byteorder="big")
print(myValue2)
import pathlib
path = pathlib.Path("myBinFile.bin")
myString1 = "Hello World"
b = myString1.encode(encoding="utf8")
f = path.open(mode="wb")
n = f.write(b)
f.close()
f = path.open(mode="rb")
b = f.read(n)
f.close()
myString2 = b.decode(encoding="utf-8")
print(myString2)
Page 227
import pathlib
path = pathlib.Path("myBinFile.bin")
myString1 = "Hello World"
b = myString1.encode(encoding="utf8")
n = len(b)
f = path.open(mode="wb")
f.write(n.to_bytes(4, byteorder="big"))
m = f.write(b)
f.close()
if m != n:
print("file error")
f = path.open(mode="rb")
b = f.read(4)
n = int.from_bytes(b, byteorder="big")
b = f.read(n)
f.close()
myString2 = b.decode(encoding="utf-8")
print(myString2)
Page 230
import pathlib
import struct
def floatToBytes(f):
return struct.pack(">d",f)
def floatFromBytes(b):
return struct.unpack(">d",b)[0]
path = pathlib.Path("myBinFile.bin")
myFloat = 3.14159
f = path.open(mode="wb")
m = f.write(floatToBytes(myFloat))
f.close()
f = path.open(mode="rb")
b = f.read(8)
f.close()
myFloat = floatFromBytes(b)
print(myFloat)
Page 234
import dataclasses
import struct
import pathlib
@dataclasses.dataclass
class person:
name:str=""
id:int=0
score:float=0.0
myStruct= struct.Struct(">25sld")
def save(self,path):
b=person.myStruct.pack(self.name.encode(encoding="utf8"),
self.id,self.score)
f=path.open(mode="wb")
f.write(b)
f.close()
def load(self,path):
f=path.open(mode="rb")
b=f.read(37)
f.close()
a,b,c=person.myStruct.unpack(b)
self.name=a.decode(encoding="utf8").rstrip("\0x00")
self.id=b
self.score=c
path=pathlib.Path("myBinFile.bin")
me=person("mike",42,3.14)
me.save(path)
me2=person()
me2.load(path)
print(me2)
Page 235
import dataclasses
import struct
import pathlib
import os
@dataclasses.dataclass
class person:
name:str=""
id:int=0
score:float=0.0
myStruct= struct.Struct(">25sld")
n=37
def save(self,f):
b=person.myStruct.pack(
self.name.encode(encoding="utf8"),self.id,self.score)
f.write(b)
def load(self,f,id):
f.seek(id*person.n,0)
b=f.read(person.n)
a,b,c=person.myStruct.unpack(b)
self.name=a.decode(encoding="utf8").rstrip("\0x00")
self.id=b
self.score=c
path=pathlib.Path("myBinFile.bin")
os.remove(path)
f=path.open(mode="ab")
me=person("mike",42,3.14)
for id in range(50):
me.id=id
me.save(f)
f.close()
f=path.open(mode="r+b")
me2=person()
me2.load(f,20)
print(me2)
me2.load(f,5)
print(me2)
f.close()
Page 235
import dataclasses
import struct
import pathlib
import os
@dataclasses.dataclass
class person:
name:str=""
id:int=0
score:float=0.0
myStruct= struct.Struct(">25sld")
n=37
def save(self,f):
b=person.myStruct.pack(
self.name.encode(encoding="utf8"),self.id,self.score)
f.write(b)
def load(self,f,id):
f.seek(id*person.n,0)
b=f.read(person.n)
a,b,c=person.myStruct.unpack(b)
self.name=a.decode(encoding="utf8").rstrip("\0x00")
self.id=b
self.score=c
path=pathlib.Path("myBinFile.bin")
os.remove(path)
f=path.open(mode="ab")
me=person("mike",42,3.14)
for id in range(50):
me.id=id
me.save(f)
f.close()
f=path.open(mode="r+b")
me2=person()
me2.load(f,20)
print(me2)
me2.load(f,5)
print(me2)
f.close()
Page 248
import pathlib
import dataclasses
import csv
@dataclasses.dataclass
class person:
name:str=""
id:int=0
score:float=0.0
me = person("mike", 42, 3.145)
path = pathlib.Path("myTextFile.csv")
with path.open(mode="wt", newline="") as f:
peopleWriter = csv.writer(f)
for i in range(43):
peopleWriter.writerow([me.name, i, me.score])
with path.open(mode="rt") as f:
peopleReader = csv.reader(f)
for row in peopleReader:
print(row)
Page 251
import pathlib
import dataclasses
import csv
@dataclasses.dataclass
class person:
name:str=""
id:int=0
score:float=0.0
def values(self):
return [self.name,str(self.id),str(self.score)]
class MyCSV(csv.Dialect):
quoting =csv.QUOTE_NONNUMERIC
delimiter = ','
quotechar = '"'
lineterminator = '\r\n'
me=person("mike",42,3.145)
path=pathlib.Path("myTextFile.csv")
with path.open(mode="wt",newline="") as f:
peopleWriter=csv.writer(f,dialect=MyCSV)
for i in range(43):
peopleWriter.writerow([me.name,i,me.score])
with path.open(mode="rt") as f:
peopleReader=csv.reader(f,dialect=MyCSV)
for row in peopleReader:
print(row)
Page 256
import pathlib
import dataclasses
import json
@dataclasses.dataclass
class person:
name:str=""
id:int=0
score:float=0.0
me=person("mike",42,3.145)
path=pathlib.Path("myTextFile.json")
with path.open(mode="wt") as f:
s=json.dumps(dataclasses.asdict(me))
print(s,file=f)
with path.open(mode="rt") as f:
for line in f:
data= json.loads(line)
me1=person(**data)
print(me1)
Page 260
from ast import parse
import pathlib
import xml.etree.ElementTree
data="""
<Books>
<Book rating="5">
First book on Python
<Title>
Programmer's Python: Everything is an Object
</Title>
<Author>
Mike James
</Author >
<Publisher >
IO Press
</Publisher>
</Book>
<Book rating="5">
<Title>
The Programmer’s Guide To Theory
</Title>
<Author>
Mike James
</Author >
<Publisher >
IO Press
</Publisher>
</Book>
</Books>
"""
path=pathlib.Path("myTextFile.xml")
rootElement=xml.etree.ElementTree.fromstring(data)
tree=xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree(rootElement)
tree.write(path)
Page 265
import pathlib
import pickle
path=pathlib.Path("myBinaryFile.pickle")
data=[1,2,{"name":"mike","id":42,"score":3.145}]
with path.open(mode="wb") as f:
pickle.dump(data,f)
with path.open(mode="rb") as f:
print(pickle.load(f))
import pathlib
import dataclasses
import pickle
@dataclasses.dataclass
class Person:
name:str=""
id:int=0
score:float=0.0
def display(self):
print(self.name)
me=Person("mike",42,3.14)
path=pathlib.Path("myBinaryFile.pickle")
with path.open(mode="wb") as f:
pickle.dump(me,f)
with path.open(mode="rb") as f:
me2=pickle.load(f)
me2.display()
Page 268
import pathlib
import pickle
class readFile():
def __init__(self):
self.path=pathlib.Path("myFile.txt")
self.f= self.path.open(mode="rt")
self.pos=self.f.tell()
def get(self):
return self.f.readline()
def __getstate__(self):
self.pos=self.f.tell()
state = self.__dict__.copy()
del state['f']
return state
def __setstate__(self, state):
self.__dict__.update(state)
self.f= self.path.open(mode="rt")
self.f.seek(self.pos)
read1=readFile()
print(read1.get())
path=pathlib.Path("myTemp.pickle")
with path.open(mode="wb") as f:
pickle.dump(read1,f)
with path.open(mode="rb") as f:
read2=pickle.load(f)
print(read2.get())
Page 287
from math import log2
import numbers
import collections.abc
class Tree(collections.abc.Sequence):
class Node:
def __init__(self,value):
self.left=None
self.right=None
self.value=value
def __init__(self,value):
self.root=Tree.Node(value)
self.len=1
def appendBreathFirst(self,value):
queue=[self.root]
while len(queue)>0:
node=queue.pop(0)
if node.left is None:
node.left=Tree.Node(value)
self.len+=1
return node.left
queue.append(node.left)
if node.right is None:
node.right=Tree.Node(value)
self.len+=1
return node.right
queue.append(node.right)
def getNode(self,key):
if key>=len(self) or key<0:
raise IndexError('Index out of range')
if key==0:
return self.root
row=int(log2(key+1))
currentNode=self.root
for r in range(1,row+1):
k=int((key+1)/2**(row-r)-1)
if k%2 :
currentNode=currentNode.left
else:
currentNode=currentNode.right
return currentNode
def setNode(self,key,node):
row=int(log2(key+1))
currentNode=self.root
for r in range(1,row):
f=2**(row-r)
k=int((key+1- f)/f)
if k%2 :
currentNode=currentNode.left
else:
currentNode=currentNode.right
if key%2 :
currentNode.left=node
else:
currentNode.right=node
def __len__(self):
return self.len
def __getitem__(self,key):
if isinstance(key,slice):
temp=[]
for i in range(0,len(self))[key]:
temp.append(self.getNode(i))
return temp
if isinstance(key,int):
return self.getNode(key)
raise TypeError("invalid index")
def __setitem__(self,key,value):
if isinstance(key,slice) and isinstance(value,list):
for i in range(0,len(self))[key]:
self.getNode(i).value=value.pop(0)
elif isinstance(key,int):
self.getNode(key).value=value
else:
raise TypeError("invalid index or value")
def __imul__(self,m):
if isinstance(m,numbers.Number):
for i in range(0,len(self)):
self.getNode(i).value*= m
return self
def __eq__(self,otherTree):
if not isinstance(otherTree,Tree):
return NotImplemented
if len(self)!=len(otherTree):
return False
for i in range(0,len(self)):
if self.getNode(i).value!= otherTree.getNode(i).value:
return False
return True
def __hash__(self):
temp=[]
for i in range(0,len(self)):
temp.append(self.getNode(i).value)
return hash(tuple(temp))
